Smart Diplomacy and Regional Convergence: The Muslim World

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran.

2 Ph.D. student of International Relations, University of Tehran

Abstract

Regional disciplines are considered as one of the most important fields of international relations studies, which are heavily influenced by the structures and dynamics of the international system. The transformation of the international system into a complex-turbulent system, has faced regional convergence and its analytical apparatus with new realities that the classical literature of international relations has not paid much attention to; the change in the structure of the international system into its network structure and the dynamism of its power to intelligent power are among such realities;  smart diplomacy based on the logic of intelligent power and its function in the management of order and regional convergence, are also of such facts that are not given due attention in the existing literature ; in this regard, convergence in the Islamic world as a regional network lacks such an analytical apparatus. Hence, the axiomatic question of the present study focuses on such realities. The research hypothesis suggests that smart diplomacy, due to the rules of complexity and chaos, including network structure, as well as the management of dynamics, leads to the convergence and evolution of regional networks. In the Islamic world, faced with structural and dynamic divisions, intelligent network diplomacy is a way to achieve convergence. The ultimate goal of the paper is to provide a new analytical model that conceptualizes smart network diplomacy for convergence and integration into regional disciplines, including the Islamic world

Keywords

Main Subjects


-      قاسمی، فرهاد (1384)؛ اصول و  روابط بین‌الملل؛ تهران: نشر میزان.
-      _________ (1390)؛ نظریه‌های روابط بین‌الملل و مطالعات منطقه‌ای؛ تهران: نشر میزان.
-      _________ (1392)؛ نظریه‌های روابط بین‌الملل: بنیان‌های نظری نظم و رژیم‌های بین‌المللی؛ تهران: نشر میزان.
 
-      Amidror, Y. (2007). The Hizballah-Syria-Iran Triangle. Middle East Journal of International Affairs, 11(1), 1-5.
-      Anderson, B., & Vongpanitlerd, S. (2013). Network analysis and synthesis: Dover Publications.
-      Anderson, E. (2013). Middle East: Geography andGeopolitics: Routledge.
-      Ashby, W. R. (1956). An introduction to cybernetics. An introduction to cybernetics.
-      Auyang, S. Y. (1999). Foundations of complex-system theories: in economics, evolutionary biology, and statistical physics: Cambridge UniversityPress.
-      Bernard, C. S. (2003). Geopolitics of the World System: Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
-      Bjola, C., & Kornprobst, M. (2018). Understanding international diplomacy: theory, practice and ethics: Routledge.
-      Brülhart, M., & Torstensson, J. (1996). Regional integration, scale economies and industry location in the European Union.
-      Buhaug, H., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2005). The Origin of Conflict Clusters: Contagion or Bad Neighborhoods. Paper presented at the Third European Consortium for PoliticalResearch General Conference, Budapest.
-      Bussmann, M., & Oneal, J. R. (2007). Do hegemons distribute private goods? A test of power-transition theory. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(1), 88-111.
-      Caporaso, J. A., & Keeler, J. T. (1993). The European Community and regional integration theory.
-      Eadie, P. (2017). The theory and practice of diplomacy.
-      Efird, B., & Genna, G. M. (2002). Structural conditions and the propensity for regional integration. European Union Politics, 3(3), 267-295.
-      Eickelman, D. F. (2018). Trans-state Islam and security Transnational Religion and Fading States (pp. 27-46): Routledge.
-      Farrell, H., & Héritier, A. (2005). A rationalist-institutionalist explanation of endogenous regional integration 1. Journal of European Public Policy-(2)12, 290-273.
-      Fuller, G. (2018). A sense of siege: The geopolitics of Islam and the West: Routledge.
-      Gadinger, F., & Peters, D. (2016). Feedback loops in a world of complexity: a cybernetic approach at the interface of foreign policy analysis and international relations theory. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 29(1), 251-269.
-      George, D. (2018). Pax Islamica: An Alternative New World Order? Islamic Fundamentalism (pp. 71-90): Routledge.
-      ghasemi, f. (2015). theories of international relations:cybernetics and foreign policy Tehran: mizan.
-      Glanville, R. (2002). Second order cybernetics. Systems Science and Cybernetics, 3, 59-85.
-      Guiora, A. N. (2013). Modern Geopolitics and Security: Strategies for Unwinnable Conflicts: CRC Press.
-      Gürtin, Z. B,. Inhorn, M. C., & Tremayne, S. (2015). Islam and Assisted Reproduction in the Middle East: Comparing the Sunni Arab World, Shia Iran and Secular Turkey The Changing World Religion Map (pp. 3137-3153): Springer.
-      Haas, E. B. (1961). International integration: the European and the universal process. International organization, 15(03), 366-392.
-      Harkavy, R. E. (2013). Great power competition for overseas bases: The geopolitics of access diplomacy: Elsevier.
-      Hinnebusch, R. A., & Ehteshami, A. (2002). The foreign policies of Middle East states: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
-      Hopwood, D. (2018). Libya: First Experience of the Arab World and Islam Islam's Renewal (pp. 3-11): Springer.
-      Kumar, S. (2003). Power cycle analysis of india, china, and pakistan in regional and global politics. International Political Science Review, 24(1), 113-122.
-      Kupchan, C., Davidson, J., & Sucharov, M. (2001). Power in transition: The peaceful change of international order: United Nations Univ.
-      Lush, J. (2018). Michael Quentin Morton. Empires and Anarchies: A History of Oil in the Middle East: Taylor & Francis.
-      Malone, D. M., & Mukherjee, R. (2010). India and China: conflict and cooperation. Survival, 52(1), 137-158.
-      Mattli, W. (1999). The logic of regional integration: Europe and beyond: Cambridge University Press.
-      Most, B. A., Starr, H., & Siverson, R. (1989). The logic and study of the diffusion of international conflict. Handbook of war studies, 111-139.
-      Nasr, V. (2016). The Shia Revival (Updates): WW norton & Company.
-      Norling, N & Swanström, N. (2007). The Shanghai cooperation organization, trade, and the roles of Iran, India and Pakistan. Central Asian Survey, 26(3), 429-444.
-      Pahwa, S. (2017). Pathways of Islamist adaptation: The Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory. Democratization, 24(6), 1066-1084.
-      Paul, T. V. (2005). The India-Pakistan conflict: an enduring rivalry: Cambridge University Press.
-      Rosamond, B. (2000). Theories of European integration.
-      Schmitter, P. C. (1970). A revised theory ofregional integration. International organization, 24(04), 836-868.
-      Slocum, N., & Langenhove, L. v. (2004). The meaning of regional integration: introducing positioning theory in regional integration studies. Journal of European Integration, 26(3), 227-252.
-      Tuathail, G. Ó., & Agnew, J. (1992). Geopolitics and discourse: practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy. Political geography, 11(2), 190-204.
-      Tuathail, G. Ó., Toal, G., Dalby, S., & Routledge, P. (1998). The geopolitics reader: Psychology Press.
-      Ulanowicz, R. E. (1996). The propensities of evolving systems. Evolution, Order and Complexity. Routledge, London, 217-233.
-      Voll, J. O. (2018). Central Asia as a part of the modern Islamic world Central Asia in Historical Perspective (pp: 62-81), Routledge.
-      Wilson, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110-124.