Erdoğanism; Populism as a "Political Strategy

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor of the Political Science Department of Yasouj University.

2 M.A Graduated from Payam Noor University of Qazvins.

Abstract

Gaining power by the Justice and Development Party with a democratic and pragmatic face was a new voice in Turkey's political environment which managed to reflect and represent the real issues of the society and be popular with the public. However, since 2013, the ruling Justice and Development Party has transformed from a popular quasi-democratic political party to an exclusionary populist party; In a way that most theorists of populism, many analysts of Turkish issues, as well as writers of prominent news media such as Guardian, Bloomberg, New York Times and Foreign Policy, called Erdogan and his party "populist". Accordingly, the current research, by using the theoretical framework of populism, especially the ideas of people like Kurt Wieland, Robert Barr, Kenneth Roberts, and Pappas, in the form of "populism as a political strategy", tries to answer this main question that what the causes of Erdogan and the Justice and Development Party's tendency towards populism were in the last decade; And how did Erdoğan utilize populism to achieve his desired goals? The findings show that, in the last decade, relying on populist tools and positions such as the foreign status of political actors, anti-establishment attraction, personal ties, unorganized mobilization, etc., Erdogan has artistically used populism as a "political project to build and maintain power" for himself and his party. The research approach is political sociology, qualitative research method, causal explanation type and data collection method, library, and also using virtual resources.

Keywords

References

  • اسپوزیتو، جان ال (1396)، دولت و جنبش­های اسلامی معاصر (اسلام و دموکراسی پس از بهار عربی)، ترجمه علیرضا سمیعی اصفهانی و محمد حاجی­پور، تهران: نگاه معاصر، چاپ یکم.
  • خلج­منفرد، ابوالحسن (1395)، «اقتدارگرایی اردوغان در حزب عدالت و توسعه و پیامدهای آن در ترکیه»، جستارهای سیاسی معاصر، دوره 7، شماره 4، صص 91- 67.
  • چاغاپتای، سونر (1397)، سلطان جدید؛ اردوغان و بحران در ترکیه، ترجمه مهدی قراچه­داغی، تهران: نشر نسل نواندیش، چاپ یکم.
  • جزایی، محدثه (1395)، «هوموساکرهای نوین، بررسی وضعیت استثنایی در ترکیه؛ بر اساس نظریه اشمیت و آگامبن»، فصلنامه تحقیقات سیاسی بین­المللی، شماره 29، صص 246- 221.
  • سمیعی اصفهانی، علیرضا (1389)، «درآمدی‌ نظری‌ بر‌ مفهوم‌، ماهیت‌ و‌ عملکرد‌ پوپولیسم»، رهیافت سیاسی و بین­المللی، دوره 11، ش 2 پیاپی (60)، صص 62- 85.
  • زکی، یاشار؛ یزدان­پناه درو، کیومرث؛ مصطفوی، غلامعلی (1396)، «بررسی و تحلیل انتخابات مجلس ملی ترکیه (2011- 2002)»، مجله پژوهش­های جغرافیای سیاسی، سال دوم، ش 1. صص 57- 31.
  • یاووز، هاکان (1392)، هویت سیاسی اسلامی در ترکیه معاصر، ترجمه آزاد حاجی­آقایی، تهران: نشر اشاره، چاپ یکم.
  • گلکاریان، قدیر. ترکیه در شرایط سخت اقتصادی، اندیشکده جریان، تاریخ مراجعه به سایت،22/01/1401: https://www.Scfr.ir
  • اردوغان کیست و چگونه به قدرت رسید؟ شبکه العالم، تاریخ مراجعه به سایت،22/01/1401:https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1622067/
  • پیروزی تلخ حزب عدالت و توسعه/ سایه سنگین سیاست خارجی بر سیاست داخلی اردوغان، خبرگزاری فارس، تاریخ مراجعه به سایت، 2/05/1401:  https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13940318100662
  • بحران اقتصادی ترکیه در آستانه‌ انتخابات، میدل ایست نیوز، تاریخ مراجعه به سایت، 2/05/1401: https://mdeast.news/2022/07/24
  • Akyol. M(2016, June 21). Erdoganism [Noun]: From ‘National Will, to ‘Man of the Nation,’ an Abridged Dictionary for the Post-Secular Turkish State. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/21/erdoganism-noun-erdogan-turkey-islam-akp/.Google Scholar.
  • S(2021).’’ Public Tears: Populism and the Politics of Emotion In AKP’s Turkey’’. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol 53 (1) 1 – 17.
  • F(2005). "Explaining religious politics at the crossroad: AKP‐SP". Turkish Studies, 6(2), 187-199.
  • Aytaç. S. & Öniş. Z(2014). “Varieties of Populism in a Changing Global Context: The Divergent Paths of Erdogan and Kirchnerismo.” Comparative Politics. 47:1 (2014) 41–59.
  • R. R(2009). "Populists, Outsiders and Anti-Establishment Politics". Party Politics, 15(1), 29–48.
  • R. R(2018, Sep 3). Populism as a political strategy, in Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. Retrieved from www.routledgehandbooks.com.
  • z(2013). "Geziparkidirenciart Ortudoguteknik, Irkgilikuyesi” (RCO5), universitesiturkey.
  • Tanıl(2017). Cereyanlar; Türkiye, de Siyasi Cereyanlar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • A.M. and Leongomez. E.P(Eds) the Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes. : Stanford University Press.
  • Ruth Berins(2001) Populism. In International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences. edited by -Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. 11813–16. New York: Elsevier.
  • S(2018). “Turkey. The International Spectator”. Italian Journal of International Affairs. Volume. 53 (4) 1-15.
  • M(1981). Populism. London: Junction Books.
  • de la Torre(2018). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism(Ed). London: Rutledge Comparative InternationalDevelopment. 3–31.
  • A(2018). “Populism and Competitive Authoritarianism in Turkey.” SoutheastEuropean and Black Sea Studies. 18 (4) 467–487.
  • De laTorre. C(2000). Populist Seduction in LatinAmerica (2nd Ed).Athens. OH: OhioUniversityPress.
  • Dinçşahin. Ş(2012). A Symptomatic Analysis of the Justice and Development Party’s Populism in Turkey, 2007– 2010. Government and Opposition, Vol. 47( 4) 618–640.
  • Donmez.. Kasim. T. & Armagan. F(2020). "TEKE LLOYD the Nexus of Leadership, Political Empowerment, and Social Mobilization: The Case of the July 15 Coup Attempt in Turkey ."Insight Turkey. Vol. 22) 2(151-175.
  • Berk& Gumuscu.Sebnem(2016). "Rising competitive authoritarianism in
    Turkey". Third World Quarterly. 37(9):1-26.
  • K. A(2018). The ideational approach. in Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. ed. Carlos de laTorre (Abingdon: Routledge, 03 Sep 2018).Routledge Handbooks Online.
  • Kalaycloglü.E(2011). The TurkisEuodyssey and Political Regime change in
         southEuropean society and politics. (sp.iss.si). Vol (16) 272-274.
  • Karagül. İ(2016, 9 Mayıs). Kongre, Başkanlık sistemi ve Güney’den gelen tehdit. Retrieved from yenisafak.com/yazarlar.
  • H & Takis P(2015). European Populism in the Shadow of the Great
    Recession, Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Caroline(2014). ‘’the iron law of Erdogan: the decay from intra-party
    democracy to personalistic rule’’. Third World Quarterly. 35(9) 1672-1690.
  • Laclau E(2005b) Populism: What’s in a name? In: Panizza F (ed.) Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London: Verso. 32–49.
  • Massicard. É(2021). Populism in Turkey: Towards the Demise of Democracy? Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/research/cogito/home/populism-in-turkey-towards-the-demise-of-democracy/?lang=en.
  • C(2004). “The Populist Zeitgeist”. Government and Opposition. 39(3): 541–63.
  • R(2006). Outsiders and Neopopulism: The Road to Plebiscitary Democracy. In Mainwaring. S. Odatv.tr. 2019/01/3030.
  • Y. Özensel. E(2004). Modern Türkiye, de Siyasi Düşünceİstanbul: İletişim Yayıları.
  • ÖzÇelik. N(2017). “One Year after July 2015, Turkey’S Fight against Terrorism”. SETA, No. 36.
  • Ergun(2014). Akp at the Crossroads: Erdogans Majoritarian Drift,
    South European Society and Politics. Vol (19) 155-167.
  • T.S(2012). “Populism Emergent: AFrameworkforAnalyzingItsContexts, Mechanics, andOutcomes”. EUI Working PaperRSCAS2012/01.Florence: EuropeanUniversityInstitute, RobertSchumanCentre for AdvancedStudies.
  • K.M (2006).”Populism, PoliticalConflict, andGrass- RootsOrganizationinLatinAmerica”. Published Political Science Comparative.Vol. 38( 2)127-148.
  • Burak(2019).’’ Defining Populism through Turkey’s Erdoğan’’. Universita Ca’ Foscari Relazione Internazionale Comparativo. Retrieved from :http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16006.
  • D(2015).VarietiesofAfricanPopulisminComparativePerspective.In: DelaTorre. C. Publisher(s): DOI : http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt12880g5
  • K.M(2006).Populism, PoliticalConflict, andGrass-RootsOrganizationinLatinAmerica. Published Political Science Comparative politics.
  • B(2008). “The thin ideology of populism”. Journal of Political Ideologies. 13(1) 95-110.
  • E(1956). The Torment of Secrecy. New York: Free Press.
  • o(2022, January24). Revolution in Slow Motion: Politics of Resentment, Empowerment and Identity in Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/revolution-slow-motion-politics-resentment-empowerment-and-identity-turkey
  • Söyler. M (2013). Informal institutions, forms of state and democracy: the Turkish deep state. Democratization, 20:2, 310-334,

     DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2011.650915Stanford, CA: StanfordUniversityPress

  • Turkey Shuts Scores of Media Outlets. Sacks Generals, (2016, Jul 27), AlJazeera. Retrieve fromhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/turkey-close-armyhigh-schools-fai.
  • Di. Torcuato.T(1965). Populism and Reform inLatin America. Obstacles to change in Latin America. London [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press, 47-74
  • Taş. H(2015). “Turkey – from tutelary to delegative democracy”. Third World Quarterly, .776-791
  • Taspınar. O(2012). “Turkey’s Strategic Vision and Syria’’. Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Washington Quarterly. 127-140.
  • Türk. H. B(2018). “Populism as a medium of mass mobilization’: The case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”. International, Area Studies Review, Vol. 21(2) 150–168.
  • K(1996).”Neo-PopulismandNeo-LiberalisminLatinAmerica: UnexpectedAffinities”. Studies in Comparative InternationalDevelopment. 32(3).3–31.
  • A (2016, 20 August). Turkey’s July Coup Attempt: A Gift from God to a new Authoritarianism. International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE). Retrieve from http://www.icsve.org/brief-reports/turkeys-july-coup- attempt-agift-from-god-to-a-new.
  • Yabancı. B(2016). “Populism as the problem child of democracy: the AKP’s enduring appeal and the use of mesolevel Actors. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 591-617.
  • M.H(2003). Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. Oxford University Press
  • K(2016). The can sequences of the failed Military Coup in Turkey.)Bulletin, No. 44-894). Information website: https://www.ceeol.com/search/gray-literature-detail?id=598224.
Journal of Political Socology of Islamic World
Volume 10, Issue 21 - Serial Number 21
September 2023
Pages 167-196

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 25 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 27 July 2022
  • Accept Date: 18 October 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics